• Held in cooperation with the 11th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID)
• Scientific organizers: Johan W. Mouton (Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) & Paul M. Tulkens (Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium)
• Pre-meeting Introduction (goals and format)

A master teaches his pupil...

Welcome by ISAP and general introduction The general concept of pharmacokinetics (concentration-time curves compartmental vs non compartmental models) Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics: lessons learned from animal models (elimination in animals, models to decrease clearance, dose linearity) Protein binding and tissue concentrations – do they matter ? (effect of protein binding on efficacy, methods to measure tissue concentrations and interpretation thereof) General concepts of pharmacodynamics (concentration effect relationships, pharmacodynamic parameters)  Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics in animal models (use of pharmacodynamic parameters, impact of clearance and neutropenia on effect) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics in in-vitro pharmacokinetic models (types of models, pitfalls)  The post-antibiotic and sub-MIC effects in vitro and in vivo (definitions, implications for therapy) Intracellular transport of antibiotics and the significance of their accumulation(drug diffusion vs influx and efflux pumps, binding to intracellular constituents, intracellular expression of activity) General concepts of PK/PD modeling (types of models, kill curve fitting) MIC-controlled dosing or how to use PK/PD relationships to optimize dosing regimens(efficacy, emergence of resistance, toxicity) Note: PK/PD has now become part of "normal" thinking in antibiotic research as well as in key clinical applications.  This was amply demonstrated during this 11th EECMID, as shown by several talks discussing PK/PD during Integrated Symposia.  The authors of two of these talks have made their slides available to ISAP since many of the concepts they developped illustrate the contents of the Workshop.  These presentations constitute good examples of practical appplications of PK/PD.  Accordingly, the following slides show are made available on this site : Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics as a predictor to antibiotic efficacy, by Richard Wise (Birmingham, UK), and presented at the Symposium “Every Day Counts in the Management of  Respiratory Tract Infections” held  on April 2d, 2001) Optimising Antimicrobial Therapy by using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Parameters, by Michael R. Jacobs (Cleveland, OH), and presented at the Symposium "“The need of a Revolution in Respiratory Tract Infection Prescribing” held on April 2d, 2001

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) have now become essential tools for determining the appropriate use of currently available anti-infective agents as well as for accelerating the development of new drugs.  While this is now more and more recognized by Academia, Industry and Regulatory Agencies (see the ISAP / FDA and ISAP / EMEA workshops held in 1999, there is presently a lack of training into these disciplines.  Accordingly, ISAP has endeavoured to launch educational activities in this context.  The aim is to train people professionally involved in development or in the use of antiinfective drugs in the basic and applied aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, showing how these sciences have emerged over the last 10 years and how their influence has grown.  This 4th workshop of ISAP has continued the tradition of educational workshops initiated in Berlin, Germany, in 1999 and has included the latest developements discussed at ISAP research meetings and symposia in 2000.

• Objectives: Participants were given insights in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts of antimicrobial therapy. This has included the use and application of  animal models and in vitro pharmacokinetic models. Attention was given to pharmacokinetic issues (protein binding, the value of tissue concentrations), pharmacodynamic issues (the use of pharmacodynamic parameters to describe and predict effect, Sub-MIC effects, post-antibiotic effects, differences between in vitro and in vivo) and the use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling (the E-max model and other models). To illustrate theory, examples were given how to use the above concepts in clinical practice and drug discovery.
• Intended audience: physicians, clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, pharmacists and anybody else interested.
• Level: basic to intermediate

Each participant has received a certificate for participation.

• ISAP Web site and ISAP on-line services generously housed and managed on the INTERNET Server of the Faculty of Medicine of the 'Université Catholique de Louvain', Brussels, Belgium, with the expert help of Benoît Debande, MD.  All comments and queries should, however, be sent exclusively to the ISAP Webmaster.
• A Master teaches his pupil... : "Explanation of the Properties of Plants" from  of Discoride.

Born around the year 60 AC in Anatolia (present Asian Turkey), Discoride was a military physician who took particular interest in  plants and medicinal herbs.  In this book, he describes more than 600 species of useful plants out of which around 50 are still listed in the modern EuropeanPharmacopea.  "De Materia Medica" was translated in many languages over the centuries.  The picture shown here is from a Seldjoukide manuscript of an arabic translation from the 15th century on display at the Topkapi Museaum, Istanbul, Turkey (photograph of G. Dagli Orti, in "Histoire de la Médecine et des Médecins", J.C. Sournia, Larousse, Paris, 1991).
• other logos and pictures are from the WEB sites to which they are linked or are in the public domain.